We have so far mentioned before the terms:
مَرْفُوعٌ marfoo’ ( ُ ٌ )
, مَنْصُوبٌ manSoob ( َ ً )
and
مَجْرُورٌ majroor ( ِ ٍ ) .
The reason I decided to mention the i’ raab الاِعْرَابُ at this point is, we already learnt, or mentioned that depending on the place and state of the noun, the endings can change, and today we are going to learn why all of that happens in detail in sha’a Allah.
What is the I’raab?
Many explain I’raab as the changing of the case of Arabic nouns which is being recognized by the last harakah ( vowel sign ) of an ISM.
But this is not the case always, as there are exceptions to that. Let’s first look at the meaning of the word I’raab. It has it’s root in ع ر ب which in Arabic language also means to make sth clear ( very clear ). In the Arabic language, what is made clear is the parts of a sentence.
Just like in the English language, the Arabic language also has subject, predicate ( various types of predicates ), objects etc of a sentence. The way it is clarified in the Arabic language is in different ways.
The first way is to recognize it by the last harakah whether an ISM is subject, predicate etc. Then the position of a word in a sentence, then by looking what happens before a certain word in a sentence.
So for example, we learnt that if a harf jarr comes before a word, then the word following it will be majroor. Does this mean that it will take a kasrah? No, not at all, since not every word in the Arabic language takes a kasrah, some of them stay as they are in nominative, genitive and accusative case. But good news is, most of the NOUNS ( Asmaa’ – plural of ISM ) change their last vowel sign, there are some which do not but still they will be majroor due to the harf jarr before it.
Truth is, it will take a while until one knows all of this, and we will in shaa Allah step by step learn about it.
What are the cases of an ism in the Arabic language?
1. Nominative case حَالَةُ الرَّفْعِ
2. Genitive case حَالَةُ الْجَرِّ and
3. Accusative Case حَالَةُ النَّصَبِ
There is also a 4th state which is majzoom but we will leave this out for now as it is for more advanced learning, but in sha’a Allah we will learn about it when the time comes.
In majority of the cases the nouns in the nominative case take either dammah or dammatayn, depending on the noun, as we learnt that proper male names in most cases take the double harakah but they are still definite.
In order to understand how to recognize whether a noun is marfoo’, manSoob or majroor, we need to know in what circumstances they are in that state, and therefore we will mention them ( but we will not explain all of them as this is a bit higher level ).
Look at the following picture:
This in the table above shows when an ism is marfoo’, mansoob or majroor. And as you can guess, this has nothing to do all the time with a word carrying a dammah, fathah or kasrah. But in sha’a Allah we will mention what is meant by it, explaining what types of asmaa’ there are.
There are 3 types of i’raab in fact, and by knowing the types, in sha’a Allah you will also understand why the harakaat do not always apply to the rule of recognizing if an ism is in the nominative, genitive or accusative case.
The 3 types of i’raab
As mentioned above, there are 3 types of al i’raab, which are:
اللَفْظِيُّ
– related to when the state of the ism is manifest upon the final harakah of the word itself ( -un/ -u, -in/ -i, -an/ -a )
التَّقْدِيرِيُّ
– it is an assumed state of i’raab ( unlike the lafthiyy where we have apparent harakaat )
المَحَلِّيُّ
– refers to a positional i’raab, a word that occupies the position of a particular state
In order to understand it, let’s give few examples of the 3 types for each case in shaa Allah.
1. اللَفْظِيُّ
a) Al Kitaabu jameelun. ( marfoo’ ) ( The book is beautiful )
b) Katabtu kitaaban. ( manSoob ) ( I wrote a book )
c) Kataba fee al kitaabi. ( majroor ) ( He wrote in the book )
2. التَّقْدِيرِيُّ
a) جَاءَ الْفَتَى – The youth came ( marfoo’ ) ( al fataa is the doer – faa’ilun -which is marfoo’ ) As you see there is no dammah there but we know that the doer is marfoo’ and this is where we assume the state as we speak of the ‘youth coming ‘.
b) أَكْرَمَ عَلِيٌّ الفَتَى – Aliyy honored the youth. ( Here al fataa is the object, something the action is done upon, and therefore we assume due to the position that the ism is manSoob )
c) مَرَّ عَلِيٌّ بِالْفَتَى – Aliyy passed by the youth. ( Here al fataa is preceded by a harf jarr and therefore we assume its state being majroor, since the ism coming after a harf jarr is majroor )
3. الْمَحَلِّيُّ
a) جَاءَ هَؤُلاَءِ – These came. ( Haulaai occupies the position of the doer, it is in the state of raf’ah ( marfoo’ ) as the doer, here the ism al isharah takes the position of the doer, and is marfoo’ )
b) أَكْرَمَ زَيْدٌ هَؤُلاءِ – Zayd honored these ( Haulaai here is manSoob, where it occupies the position of the one on whom the action is being done ( object ))
c) مَرَّ زَيْدٌ بِهَؤُلاءِ – Zayd passed by these. ( Haaulai is here majroor ( regardless of it having kasrah since it always has kasrah anyways ) but it comes at the position after a harf jarr and therefore it is majroor )
Now in shaa Allah you understand, why in the beginning it was said that the harakaat are not really the only indicators of the i’raab.
NOTE: Do not confuse it with the 3 states
To give an example of the above, we will use now nouns which do take a dammah, fathah and kasrah by using what we learnt so far as an example of it and I will also use some words which have nothing to do with dammah fathah or kasrah to show how an ism is marfoo’ mansoob or majroor.
For example:
الْكِتَابُ جَمِيلٌ – The book is beautiful
Al kitaabu is the mubtada’ ( subject ) of this sentence, and if you look above in the table you will see that it says that the subject is marfoo’. The word jameelun is the khabar of the sentence, and again if you look at the table it says that khabar is marfoo’. And when we learnt the nominal sentence we learnt also that the mubtada and khabar are both marfoo’.
Now let’s look at an another example:
عِيسَى جَمِيلٌ – ‘Isaa is beautiful.
Have you noticed it? The name ‘Isaa does not have any dammah, yet it is marfoo’ as it is the mubtada ( subject ) of the sentence. The word jameelun here again s the khabar and is therefore marfoo’ too.
And this is what I meant by, the harakaat are not always an indicator of whether some ism is marfoo’, mansoob or majroor, but rather it has to do with if anything is happening with the ism before it or the position of the ism itself.
Yes it will take some time to get used to it, but in sha’a Allah it will be learnt too.
We will of course not talk about all mentioned in the table above because it is too early at this stage, but in sha’a Allah in the future we will talk more about it.
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